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Promise based HTTP client for the browser and node.js

Website • Documentation

Table of Contents

• Features
• Browser Support
• Installing
  • Package manager
  • CDN
• Example
• Axios API
• Request method aliases
• Concurrency 👎
• Creating an instance
• Instance methods
• Request Config
• Response Schema
• Config Defaults
  • Global axios defaults
  • Custom instance defaults
  • Config order of precedence
• Interceptors
  • Multiple Interceptors
• Handling Errors
• Cancellation
  • AbortController
  • CancelToken 👎
• Using application/x-www-form-urlencoded format
  • URLSearchParams
  • Query string
  • 🆕 Automatic serialization
• Using multipart/form-data format
  • FormData
  • 🆕 Automatic serialization
• Files Posting
• HTML Form Posting
• 🆕 Progress capturing
• 🆕 Rate limiting
• 🆕 AxiosHeaders
• 🔥 Fetch adapter
• Semver
• Promises
• TypeScript
• Resources
• Credits
• License

Features

• Make XMLHttpRequests from the browser
• Make http requests from node.js
• Supports the Promise API
• Intercept request and response
• Transform request and response data
• Cancel requests
• Automatic transforms for JSON data
• 🆕 Automatic data object serialization to multipart/form-data and x-www-form-urlencoded body encodings
• Client side support for protecting against XSRF

Browser Support

Latest ✔	Latest ✔	Latest ✔	Latest ✔	Latest ✔

Installing

Package manager

Using npm:

1$ npm install axios

Using bower:

1$ bower install axios

Using yarn:

1$ yarn add axios

Using pnpm:

1$ pnpm add axios

Using bun:

1$ bun add axios

Once the package is installed, you can import the library using import or require approach:

1import axios, {isCancel, AxiosError} from 'axios';

You can also use the default export, since the named export is just a re-export from the Axios factory:

1import axios from 'axios';
2
3console.log(axios.isCancel('something'));

If you use require for importing, only default export is available:

1const axios = require('axios');
2
3console.log(axios.isCancel('something'));

For some bundlers and some ES6 linters you may need to do the following:

1import { default as axios } from 'axios';

For cases where something went wrong when trying to import a module into a custom or legacy environment, you can try importing the module package directly:

1const axios = require('axios/dist/browser/axios.cjs'); // browser commonJS bundle (ES2017)
2// const axios = require('axios/dist/node/axios.cjs'); // node commonJS bundle (ES2017)

CDN

Using jsDelivr CDN (ES5 UMD browser module):

1<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/axios@1.6.7/dist/axios.min.js"></script>

Using unpkg CDN:

1<script src="https://unpkg.com/axios@1.6.7/dist/axios.min.js"></script>

Example

Note: CommonJS usage
In order to gain the TypeScript typings (for intellisense / autocomplete) while using CommonJS imports with require(), use the following approach:

1import axios from 'axios';
2//const axios = require('axios'); // legacy way
3
4// Make a request for a user with a given ID
5axios.get('/user?ID=12345')
6  .then(function (response) {
7    // handle success
8    console.log(response);
9  })
10  .catch(function (error) {
11    // handle error
12    console.log(error);
13  })
14  .finally(function () {
15    // always executed
16  });
17
18// Optionally the request above could also be done as
19axios.get('/user', {
20    params: {
21      ID: 12345
22    }
23  })
24  .then(function (response) {
25    console.log(response);
26  })
27  .catch(function (error) {
28    console.log(error);
29  })
30  .finally(function () {
31    // always executed
32  });
33
34// Want to use async/await? Add the `async` keyword to your outer function/method.
35async function getUser() {
36  try {
37    const response = await axios.get('/user?ID=12345');
38    console.log(response);
39  } catch (error) {
40    console.error(error);
41  }
42}

Note: async/await is part of ECMAScript 2017 and is not supported in Internet Explorer and older browsers, so use with caution.

Performing a POST request

1axios.post('/user', {
2    firstName: 'Fred',
3    lastName: 'Flintstone'
4  })
5  .then(function (response) {
6    console.log(response);
7  })
8  .catch(function (error) {
9    console.log(error);
10  });

Performing multiple concurrent requests

1function getUserAccount() {
2  return axios.get('/user/12345');
3}
4
5function getUserPermissions() {
6  return axios.get('/user/12345/permissions');
7}
8
9Promise.all([getUserAccount(), getUserPermissions()])
10  .then(function (results) {
11    const acct = results[0];
12    const perm = results[1];
13  });

axios API

Requests can be made by passing the relevant config to axios.

axios(config)

1// Send a POST request
2axios({
3  method: 'post',
4  url: '/user/12345',
5  data: {
6    firstName: 'Fred',
7    lastName: 'Flintstone'
8  }
9});

1// GET request for remote image in node.js
2axios({
3  method: 'get',
4  url: 'https://bit.ly/2mTM3nY',
5  responseType: 'stream'
6})
7  .then(function (response) {
8    response.data.pipe(fs.createWriteStream('ada_lovelace.jpg'))
9  });

axios(url[, config])

1// Send a GET request (default method)
2axios('/user/12345');

Request method aliases

For convenience, aliases have been provided for all common request methods.

axios.request(config)

axios.get(url[, config])

axios.delete(url[, config])

axios.head(url[, config])

axios.options(url[, config])

axios.post(url[, data[, config]])

axios.put(url[, data[, config]])

axios.patch(url[, data[, config]])

NOTE

When using the alias methods url, method, and data properties don't need to be specified in config.

Concurrency (Deprecated)

Please use Promise.all to replace the below functions.

Helper functions for dealing with concurrent requests.

axios.all(iterable) axios.spread(callback)

Creating an instance

You can create a new instance of axios with a custom config.

axios.create([config])

1const instance = axios.create({
2  baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/',
3  timeout: 1000,
4  headers: {'X-Custom-Header': 'foobar'}
5});

Instance methods

The available instance methods are listed below. The specified config will be merged with the instance config.

axios#request(config)

axios#get(url[, config])

axios#delete(url[, config])

axios#head(url[, config])

axios#options(url[, config])

axios#post(url[, data[, config]])

axios#put(url[, data[, config]])

axios#patch(url[, data[, config]])

axios#getUri([config])

Request Config

These are the available config options for making requests. Only the url is required. Requests will default to GET if method is not specified.

1{
2  // `url` is the server URL that will be used for the request
3  url: '/user',
4
5  // `method` is the request method to be used when making the request
6  method: 'get', // default
7
8  // `baseURL` will be prepended to `url` unless `url` is absolute and option `allowAbsoluteUrls` is set to true.
9  // It can be convenient to set `baseURL` for an instance of axios to pass relative URLs
10  // to methods of that instance.
11  baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/',
12
13  // `allowAbsoluteUrls` determines whether or not absolute URLs will override a configured `baseUrl`.
14  // When set to true (default), absolute values for `url` will override `baseUrl`.
15  // When set to false, absolute values for `url` will always be prepended by `baseUrl`.
16  allowAbsoluteUrls: true,
17
18  // `transformRequest` allows changes to the request data before it is sent to the server
19  // This is only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', 'PATCH' and 'DELETE'
20  // The last function in the array must return a string or an instance of Buffer, ArrayBuffer,
21  // FormData or Stream
22  // You may modify the headers object.
23  transformRequest: [function (data, headers) {
24    // Do whatever you want to transform the data
25
26    return data;
27  }],
28
29  // `transformResponse` allows changes to the response data to be made before
30  // it is passed to then/catch
31  transformResponse: [function (data) {
32    // Do whatever you want to transform the data
33
34    return data;
35  }],
36
37  // `headers` are custom headers to be sent
38  headers: {'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'},
39
40  // `params` are the URL parameters to be sent with the request
41  // Must be a plain object or a URLSearchParams object
42  params: {
43    ID: 12345
44  },
45  
46  // `paramsSerializer` is an optional config that allows you to customize serializing `params`. 
47  paramsSerializer: {
48
49    // Custom encoder function which sends key/value pairs in an iterative fashion.
50    encode?: (param: string): string => { /* Do custom operations here and return transformed string */ }, 
51    
52    // Custom serializer function for the entire parameter. Allows user to mimic pre 1.x behaviour.
53    serialize?: (params: Record<string, any>, options?: ParamsSerializerOptions ), 
54    
55    // Configuration for formatting array indexes in the params. 
56    indexes: false // Three available options: (1) indexes: null (leads to no brackets), (2) (default) indexes: false (leads to empty brackets), (3) indexes: true (leads to brackets with indexes).    
57  },
58
59  // `data` is the data to be sent as the request body
60  // Only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', 'DELETE , and 'PATCH'
61  // When no `transformRequest` is set, must be of one of the following types:
62  // - string, plain object, ArrayBuffer, ArrayBufferView, URLSearchParams
63  // - Browser only: FormData, File, Blob
64  // - Node only: Stream, Buffer, FormData (form-data package)
65  data: {
66    firstName: 'Fred'
67  },
68
69  // syntax alternative to send data into the body
70  // method post
71  // only the value is sent, not the key
72  data: 'Country=Brasil&City=Belo Horizonte',
73
74  // `timeout` specifies the number of milliseconds before the request times out.
75  // If the request takes longer than `timeout`, the request will be aborted.
76  timeout: 1000, // default is `0` (no timeout)
77
78  // `withCredentials` indicates whether or not cross-site Access-Control requests
79  // should be made using credentials
80  withCredentials: false, // default
81
82  // `adapter` allows custom handling of requests which makes testing easier.
83  // Return a promise and supply a valid response (see lib/adapters/README.md)
84  adapter: function (config) {
85    /* ... */
86  },
87  // Also, you can set the name of the built-in adapter, or provide an array with their names
88  // to choose the first available in the environment
89  adapter: 'xhr', // 'fetch' | 'http' | ['xhr', 'http', 'fetch']
90
91  // `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used, and supplies credentials.
92  // This will set an `Authorization` header, overwriting any existing
93  // `Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`.
94  // Please note that only HTTP Basic auth is configurable through this parameter.
95  // For Bearer tokens and such, use `Authorization` custom headers instead.
96  auth: {
97    username: 'janedoe',
98    password: 's00pers3cret'
99  },
100
101  // `responseType` indicates the type of data that the server will respond with
102  // options are: 'arraybuffer', 'document', 'json', 'text', 'stream'
103  //   browser only: 'blob'
104  responseType: 'json', // default
105
106  // `responseEncoding` indicates encoding to use for decoding responses (Node.js only)
107  // Note: Ignored for `responseType` of 'stream' or client-side requests
108  // options are: 'ascii', 'ASCII', 'ansi', 'ANSI', 'binary', 'BINARY', 'base64', 'BASE64', 'base64url',
109  // 'BASE64URL', 'hex', 'HEX', 'latin1', 'LATIN1', 'ucs-2', 'UCS-2', 'ucs2', 'UCS2', 'utf-8', 'UTF-8',
110  // 'utf8', 'UTF8', 'utf16le', 'UTF16LE'
111  responseEncoding: 'utf8', // default
112
113  // `xsrfCookieName` is the name of the cookie to use as a value for xsrf token
114  xsrfCookieName: 'XSRF-TOKEN', // default
115
116  // `xsrfHeaderName` is the name of the http header that carries the xsrf token value
117  xsrfHeaderName: 'X-XSRF-TOKEN', // default
118    
119  // `undefined` (default) - set XSRF header only for the same origin requests
120  withXSRFToken: boolean | undefined | ((config: InternalAxiosRequestConfig) => boolean | undefined),
121
122  // `onUploadProgress` allows handling of progress events for uploads
123  // browser & node.js
124  onUploadProgress: function ({loaded, total, progress, bytes, estimated, rate, upload = true}) {
125    // Do whatever you want with the Axios progress event
126  },
127
128  // `onDownloadProgress` allows handling of progress events for downloads
129  // browser & node.js
130  onDownloadProgress: function ({loaded, total, progress, bytes, estimated, rate, download = true}) {
131    // Do whatever you want with the Axios progress event
132  },
133
134  // `maxContentLength` defines the max size of the http response content in bytes allowed in node.js
135  maxContentLength: 2000,
136
137  // `maxBodyLength` (Node only option) defines the max size of the http request content in bytes allowed
138  maxBodyLength: 2000,
139
140  // `validateStatus` defines whether to resolve or reject the promise for a given
141  // HTTP response status code. If `validateStatus` returns `true` (or is set to `null`
142  // or `undefined`), the promise will be resolved; otherwise, the promise will be
143  // rejected.
144  validateStatus: function (status) {
145    return status >= 200 && status < 300; // default
146  },
147
148  // `maxRedirects` defines the maximum number of redirects to follow in node.js.
149  // If set to 0, no redirects will be followed.
150  maxRedirects: 21, // default
151
152  // `beforeRedirect` defines a function that will be called before redirect.
153  // Use this to adjust the request options upon redirecting,
154  // to inspect the latest response headers,
155  // or to cancel the request by throwing an error
156  // If maxRedirects is set to 0, `beforeRedirect` is not used.
157  beforeRedirect: (options, { headers }) => {
158    if (options.hostname === "example.com") {
159      options.auth = "user:password";
160    }
161  },
162
163  // `socketPath` defines a UNIX Socket to be used in node.js.
164  // e.g. '/var/run/docker.sock' to send requests to the docker daemon.
165  // Only either `socketPath` or `proxy` can be specified.
166  // If both are specified, `socketPath` is used.
167  socketPath: null, // default
168  
169  // `transport` determines the transport method that will be used to make the request.
170  // If defined, it will be used. Otherwise, if `maxRedirects` is 0,
171  // the default `http` or `https` library will be used, depending on the protocol specified in `protocol`.
172  // Otherwise, the `httpFollow` or `httpsFollow` library will be used, again depending on the protocol,
173  // which can handle redirects.
174  transport: undefined, // default
175
176  // `httpAgent` and `httpsAgent` define a custom agent to be used when performing http
177  // and https requests, respectively, in node.js. This allows options to be added like
178  // `keepAlive` that are not enabled by default before Node.js v19.0.0. After Node.js
179  // v19.0.0, you no longer need to customize the agent to enable `keepAlive` because
180  // `http.globalAgent` has `keepAlive` enabled by default.
181  httpAgent: new http.Agent({ keepAlive: true }),
182  httpsAgent: new https.Agent({ keepAlive: true }),
183
184  // `proxy` defines the hostname, port, and protocol of the proxy server.
185  // You can also define your proxy using the conventional `http_proxy` and
186  // `https_proxy` environment variables. If you are using environment variables
187  // for your proxy configuration, you can also define a `no_proxy` environment
188  // variable as a comma-separated list of domains that should not be proxied.
189  // Use `false` to disable proxies, ignoring environment variables.
190  // `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used to connect to the proxy, and
191  // supplies credentials.
192  // This will set an `Proxy-Authorization` header, overwriting any existing
193  // `Proxy-Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`.
194  // If the proxy server uses HTTPS, then you must set the protocol to `https`.
195  proxy: {
196    protocol: 'https',
197    host: '127.0.0.1',
198    // hostname: '127.0.0.1' // Takes precedence over 'host' if both are defined
199    port: 9000,
200    auth: {
201      username: 'mikeymike',
202      password: 'rapunz3l'
203    }
204  },
205
206  // `cancelToken` specifies a cancel token that can be used to cancel the request
207  // (see Cancellation section below for details)
208  cancelToken: new CancelToken(function (cancel) {
209  }),
210
211  // an alternative way to cancel Axios requests using AbortController
212  signal: new AbortController().signal,
213
214  // `decompress` indicates whether or not the response body should be decompressed
215  // automatically. If set to `true` will also remove the 'content-encoding' header
216  // from the responses objects of all decompressed responses
217  // - Node only (XHR cannot turn off decompression)
218  decompress: true, // default
219
220  // `insecureHTTPParser` boolean.
221  // Indicates where to use an insecure HTTP parser that accepts invalid HTTP headers.
222  // This may allow interoperability with non-conformant HTTP implementations.
223  // Using the insecure parser should be avoided.
224  // see options https://nodejs.org/dist/latest-v12.x/docs/api/http.html#http_http_request_url_options_callback
225  // see also https://nodejs.org/en/blog/vulnerability/february-2020-security-releases/#strict-http-header-parsing-none
226  insecureHTTPParser: undefined, // default
227
228  // transitional options for backward compatibility that may be removed in the newer versions
229  transitional: {
230    // silent JSON parsing mode
231    // `true`  - ignore JSON parsing errors and set response.data to null if parsing failed (old behaviour)
232    // `false` - throw SyntaxError if JSON parsing failed (Note: responseType must be set to 'json')
233    silentJSONParsing: true, // default value for the current Axios version
234
235    // try to parse the response string as JSON even if `responseType` is not 'json'
236    forcedJSONParsing: true,
237
238    // throw ETIMEDOUT error instead of generic ECONNABORTED on request timeouts
239    clarifyTimeoutError: false,
240  },
241
242  env: {
243    // The FormData class to be used to automatically serialize the payload into a FormData object
244    FormData: window?.FormData || global?.FormData
245  },
246
247  formSerializer: {
248      visitor: (value, key, path, helpers) => {}; // custom visitor function to serialize form values
249      dots: boolean; // use dots instead of brackets format
250      metaTokens: boolean; // keep special endings like {} in parameter key
251      indexes: boolean; // array indexes format null - no brackets, false - empty brackets, true - brackets with indexes
252  },
253
254  // http adapter only (node.js)
255  maxRate: [
256    100 * 1024, // 100KB/s upload limit,
257    100 * 1024  // 100KB/s download limit
258  ]
259}

Response Schema

The response for a request contains the following information.

1{
2  // `data` is the response that was provided by the server
3  data: {},
4
5  // `status` is the HTTP status code from the server response
6  status: 200,
7
8  // `statusText` is the HTTP status message from the server response
9  statusText: 'OK',
10
11  // `headers` the HTTP headers that the server responded with
12  // All header names are lowercase and can be accessed using the bracket notation.
13  // Example: `response.headers['content-type']`
14  headers: {},
15
16  // `config` is the config that was provided to `axios` for the request
17  config: {},
18
19  // `request` is the request that generated this response
20  // It is the last ClientRequest instance in node.js (in redirects)
21  // and an XMLHttpRequest instance in the browser
22  request: {}
23}

When using then, you will receive the response as follows:

1axios.get('/user/12345')
2  .then(function (response) {
3    console.log(response.data);
4    console.log(response.status);
5    console.log(response.statusText);
6    console.log(response.headers);
7    console.log(response.config);
8  });

When using catch, or passing a rejection callback as second parameter of then, the response will be available through the error object as explained in the Handling Errors section.

Config Defaults

You can specify config defaults that will be applied to every request.

Global axios defaults

1axios.defaults.baseURL = 'https://api.example.com';
2
3// Important: If axios is used with multiple domains, the AUTH_TOKEN will be sent to all of them.
4// See below for an example using Custom instance defaults instead.
5axios.defaults.headers.common['Authorization'] = AUTH_TOKEN;
6
7axios.defaults.headers.post['Content-Type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';

Custom instance defaults

1// Set config defaults when creating the instance
2const instance = axios.create({
3  baseURL: 'https://api.example.com'
4});
5
6// Alter defaults after instance has been created
7instance.defaults.headers.common['Authorization'] = AUTH_TOKEN;

Config order of precedence

Config will be merged with an order of precedence. The order is library defaults found in lib/defaults/index.js, then defaults property of the instance, and finally config argument for the request. The latter will take precedence over the former. Here's an example.

1// Create an instance using the config defaults provided by the library
2// At this point the timeout config value is `0` as is the default for the library
3const instance = axios.create();
4
5// Override timeout default for the library
6// Now all requests using this instance will wait 2.5 seconds before timing out
7instance.defaults.timeout = 2500;
8
9// Override timeout for this request as it's known to take a long time
10instance.get('/longRequest', {
11  timeout: 5000
12});

Interceptors

You can intercept requests or responses before they are handled by then or catch.

1
2const instance = axios.create();
3
4// Add a request interceptor
5instance.interceptors.request.use(function (config) {
6    // Do something before request is sent
7    return config;
8  }, function (error) {
9    // Do something with request error
10    return Promise.reject(error);
11  });
12
13// Add a response interceptor
14instance.interceptors.response.use(function (response) {
15    // Any status code that lie within the range of 2xx cause this function to trigger
16    // Do something with response data
17    return response;
18  }, function (error) {
19    // Any status codes that falls outside the range of 2xx cause this function to trigger
20    // Do something with response error
21    return Promise.reject(error);
22  });

If you need to remove an interceptor later you can.

1const instance = axios.create();
2const myInterceptor = instance.interceptors.request.use(function () {/*...*/});
3axios.interceptors.request.eject(myInterceptor);

You can also clear all interceptors for requests or responses.

1const instance = axios.create();
2instance.interceptors.request.use(function () {/*...*/});
3instance.interceptors.request.clear(); // Removes interceptors from requests
4instance.interceptors.response.use(function () {/*...*/});
5instance.interceptors.response.clear(); // Removes interceptors from responses

You can add interceptors to a custom instance of axios.

1const instance = axios.create();
2instance.interceptors.request.use(function () {/*...*/});

When you add request interceptors, they are presumed to be asynchronous by default. This can cause a delay in the execution of your axios request when the main thread is blocked (a promise is created under the hood for the interceptor and your request gets put on the bottom of the call stack). If your request interceptors are synchronous you can add a flag to the options object that will tell axios to run the code synchronously and avoid any delays in request execution.

1axios.interceptors.request.use(function (config) {
2  config.headers.test = 'I am only a header!';
3  return config;
4}, null, { synchronous: true });

If you want to execute a particular interceptor based on a runtime check, you can add a runWhen function to the options object. The request interceptor will not be executed if and only if the return of runWhen is false. The function will be called with the config object (don't forget that you can bind your own arguments to it as well.) This can be handy when you have an asynchronous request interceptor that only needs to run at certain times.

1function onGetCall(config) {
2  return config.method === 'get';
3}
4axios.interceptors.request.use(function (config) {
5  config.headers.test = 'special get headers';
6  return config;
7}, null, { runWhen: onGetCall });

Note: options parameter(having synchronous and runWhen properties) is only supported for request interceptors at the moment.

Multiple Interceptors

Given you add multiple response interceptors and when the response was fulfilled

• then each interceptor is executed
• then they are executed in the order they were added
• then only the last interceptor's result is returned
• then every interceptor receives the result of its predecessor
• and when the fulfillment-interceptor throws
  • then the following fulfillment-interceptor is not called
  • then the following rejection-interceptor is called
  • once caught, another following fulfill-interceptor is called again (just like in a promise chain).

Read the interceptor tests for seeing all this in code.

Error Types

There are many different axios error messages that can appear that can provide basic information about the specifics of the error and where opportunities may lie in debugging.

The general structure of axios errors is as follows:

Property	Definition
message	A quick summary of the error message and the status it failed with.
name	This defines where the error originated from. For axios, it will always be an 'AxiosError'.
stack	Provides the stack trace of the error.
config	An axios config object with specific instance configurations defined by the user from when the request was made
code	Represents an axios identified error. The table below lists out specific definitions for internal axios error.
status	HTTP response status code. See here for common HTTP response status code meanings.

Below is a list of potential axios identified error:

Code	Definition
ERR_BAD_OPTION_VALUE	Invalid value provided in axios configuration.
ERR_BAD_OPTION	Invalid option provided in axios configuration.
ERR_NOT_SUPPORT	Feature or method not supported in the current axios environment.
ERR_DEPRECATED	Deprecated feature or method used in axios.
ERR_INVALID_URL	Invalid URL provided for axios request.
ECONNABORTED	Typically indicates that the request has been timed out (unless transitional.clarifyTimeoutError is set) or aborted by the browser or its plugin.
ERR_CANCELED	Feature or method is canceled explicitly by the user using an AbortSignal (or a CancelToken).
ETIMEDOUT	Request timed out due to exceeding default axios timelimit. transitional.clarifyTimeoutError must be set to true, otherwise a generic ECONNABORTED error will be thrown instead.
ERR_NETWORK	Network-related issue. In the browser, this error can also be caused by a CORS or Mixed Content policy violation. The browser does not allow the JS code to clarify the real reason for the error caused by security issues, so please check the console.
ERR_FR_TOO_MANY_REDIRECTS	Request is redirected too many times; exceeds max redirects specified in axios configuration.
ERR_BAD_RESPONSE	Response cannot be parsed properly or is in an unexpected format. Usually related to a response with 5xx status code.
ERR_BAD_REQUEST	The request has an unexpected format or is missing required parameters. Usually related to a response with 4xx status code.

Handling Errors

the default behavior is to reject every response that returns with a status code that falls out of the range of 2xx and treat it as an error.

1axios.get('/user/12345')
2  .catch(function (error) {
3    if (error.response) {
4      // The request was made and the server responded with a status code
5      // that falls out of the range of 2xx
6      console.log(error.response.data);
7      console.log(error.response.status);
8      console.log(error.response.headers);
9    } else if (error.request) {
10      // The request was made but no response was received
11      // `error.request` is an instance of XMLHttpRequest in the browser and an instance of
12      // http.ClientRequest in node.js
13      console.log(error.request);
14    } else {
15      // Something happened in setting up the request that triggered an Error
16      console.log('Error', error.message);
17    }
18    console.log(error.config);
19  });

Using the validateStatus config option, you can override the default condition (status >= 200 && status < 300) and define HTTP code(s) that should throw an error.

1axios.get('/user/12345', {
2  validateStatus: function (status) {
3    return status < 500; // Resolve only if the status code is less than 500
4  }
5})

Using toJSON you get an object with more information about the HTTP error.

1axios.get('/user/12345')
2  .catch(function (error) {
3    console.log(error.toJSON());
4  });

Cancellation

AbortController

Starting from v0.22.0 Axios supports AbortController to cancel requests in fetch API way:

1const controller = new AbortController();
2
3axios.get('/foo/bar', {
4   signal: controller.signal
5}).then(function(response) {
6   //...
7});
8// cancel the request
9controller.abort()

CancelToken 👎deprecated

You can also cancel a request using a CancelToken.

The axios cancel token API is based on the withdrawn cancellable promises proposal.

This API is deprecated since v0.22.0 and shouldn't be used in new projects

You can create a cancel token using the CancelToken.source factory as shown below:

1const CancelToken = axios.CancelToken;
2const source = CancelToken.source();
3
4axios.get('/user/12345', {
5  cancelToken: source.token
6}).catch(function (thrown) {
7  if (axios.isCancel(thrown)) {
8    console.log('Request canceled', thrown.message);
9  } else {
10    // handle error
11  }
12});
13
14axios.post('/user/12345', {
15  name: 'new name'
16}, {
17  cancelToken: source.token
18})
19
20// cancel the request (the message parameter is optional)
21source.cancel('Operation canceled by the user.');

You can also create a cancel token by passing an executor function to the CancelToken constructor:

1const CancelToken = axios.CancelToken;
2let cancel;
3
4axios.get('/user/12345', {
5  cancelToken: new CancelToken(function executor(c) {
6    // An executor function receives a cancel function as a parameter
7    cancel = c;
8  })
9});
10
11// cancel the request
12cancel();

Note: you can cancel several requests with the same cancel token/abort controller. If a cancellation token is already cancelled at the moment of starting an Axios request, then the request is cancelled immediately, without any attempts to make a real request.

During the transition period, you can use both cancellation APIs, even for the same request:

Using application/x-www-form-urlencoded format

URLSearchParams

By default, axios serializes JavaScript objects to JSON. To send data in the application/x-www-form-urlencoded format instead, you can use the URLSearchParams API, which is supported in the vast majority of browsers,and Node starting with v10 (released in 2018).

1const params = new URLSearchParams({ foo: 'bar' });
2params.append('extraparam', 'value');
3axios.post('/foo', params);

Query string (Older browsers)

For compatibility with very old browsers, there is a polyfill available (make sure to polyfill the global environment).

Alternatively, you can encode data using the qs library:

1const qs = require('qs');
2axios.post('/foo', qs.stringify({ 'bar': 123 }));

Or in another way (ES6),

1import qs from 'qs';
2const data = { 'bar': 123 };
3const options = {
4  method: 'POST',
5  headers: { 'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' },
6  data: qs.stringify(data),
7  url,
8};
9axios(options);

Older Node.js versions

For older Node.js engines, you can use the querystring module as follows:

1const querystring = require('querystring');
2axios.post('https://something.com/', querystring.stringify({ foo: 'bar' }));

You can also use the qs library.

Note: The qs library is preferable if you need to stringify nested objects, as the querystring method has known issues with that use case.

🆕 Automatic serialization to URLSearchParams

Axios will automatically serialize the data object to urlencoded format if the content-type header is set to "application/x-www-form-urlencoded".

1const data = {
2  x: 1,
3  arr: [1, 2, 3],
4  arr2: [1, [2], 3],
5  users: [{name: 'Peter', surname: 'Griffin'}, {name: 'Thomas', surname: 'Anderson'}],
6};
7
8await axios.postForm('https://postman-echo.com/post', data,
9  {headers: {'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}}
10);

The server will handle it as:

1  {
2    x: '1',
3    'arr[]': [ '1', '2', '3' ],
4    'arr2[0]': '1',
5    'arr2[1][0]': '2',
6    'arr2[2]': '3',
7    'arr3[]': [ '1', '2', '3' ],
8    'users[0][name]': 'Peter',
9    'users[0][surname]': 'griffin',
10    'users[1][name]': 'Thomas',
11    'users[1][surname]': 'Anderson'
12  }

If your backend body-parser (like body-parser of express.js) supports nested objects decoding, you will get the same object on the server-side automatically

1  var app = express();
2
3  app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true })); // support encoded bodies
4
5  app.post('/', function (req, res, next) {
6     // echo body as JSON
7     res.send(JSON.stringify(req.body));
8  });
9
10  server = app.listen(3000);

Using multipart/form-data format

FormData

To send the data as a multipart/formdata you need to pass a formData instance as a payload. Setting the Content-Type header is not required as Axios guesses it based on the payload type.

1const formData = new FormData();
2formData.append('foo', 'bar');
3
4axios.post('https://httpbin.org/post', formData);

In node.js, you can use the form-data library as follows:

1const FormData = require('form-data');
2
3const form = new FormData();
4form.append('my_field', 'my value');
5form.append('my_buffer', new Buffer(10));
6form.append('my_file', fs.createReadStream('/foo/bar.jpg'));
7
8axios.post('https://example.com', form)

🆕 Automatic serialization to FormData

Starting from v0.27.0, Axios supports automatic object serialization to a FormData object if the request Content-Type header is set to multipart/form-data.

The following request will submit the data in a FormData format (Browser & Node.js):

1import axios from 'axios';
2
3axios.post('https://httpbin.org/post', {x: 1}, {
4  headers: {
5    'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data'
6  }
7}).then(({data}) => console.log(data));

In the node.js build, the (form-data) polyfill is used by default.

You can overload the FormData class by setting the env.FormData config variable, but you probably won't need it in most cases:

1const axios = require('axios');
2var FormData = require('form-data');
3
4axios.post('https://httpbin.org/post', {x: 1, buf: new Buffer(10)}, {
5  headers: {
6    'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data'
7  }
8}).then(({data}) => console.log(data));

Axios FormData serializer supports some special endings to perform the following operations:

• {} - serialize the value with JSON.stringify
• [] - unwrap the array-like object as separate fields with the same key

Note: unwrap/expand operation will be used by default on arrays and FileList objects

FormData serializer supports additional options via config.formSerializer: object property to handle rare cases:

• visitor: Function - user-defined visitor function that will be called recursively to serialize the data object to a FormData object by following custom rules.

• dots: boolean = false - use dot notation instead of brackets to serialize arrays and objects;

• metaTokens: boolean = true - add the special ending (e.g user{}: '{"name": "John"}') in the FormData key. The back-end body-parser could potentially use this meta-information to automatically parse the value as JSON.

• indexes: null|false|true = false - controls how indexes will be added to unwrapped keys of flat array-like objects.

  • null - don't add brackets (arr: 1, arr: 2, arr: 3)
  • false(default) - add empty brackets (arr[]: 1, arr[]: 2, arr[]: 3)
  • true - add brackets with indexes (arr[0]: 1, arr[1]: 2, arr[2]: 3)

Let's say we have an object like this one:

1const obj = {
2  x: 1,
3  arr: [1, 2, 3],
4  arr2: [1, [2], 3],
5  users: [{name: 'Peter', surname: 'Griffin'}, {name: 'Thomas', surname: 'Anderson'}],
6  'obj2{}': [{x:1}]
7};

The following steps will be executed by the Axios serializer internally:

1const formData = new FormData();
2formData.append('x', '1');
3formData.append('arr[]', '1');
4formData.append('arr[]', '2');
5formData.append('arr[]', '3');
6formData.append('arr2[0]', '1');
7formData.append('arr2[1][0]', '2');
8formData.append('arr2[2]', '3');
9formData.append('users[0][name]', 'Peter');
10formData.append('users[0][surname]', 'Griffin');
11formData.append('users[1][name]', 'Thomas');
12formData.append('users[1][surname]', 'Anderson');
13formData.append('obj2{}', '[{"x":1}]');

Axios supports the following shortcut methods: postForm, putForm, patchForm which are just the corresponding http methods with the Content-Type header preset to multipart/form-data.

Files Posting

You can easily submit a single file:

1await axios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post', {
2  'myVar' : 'foo',
3  'file': document.querySelector('#fileInput').files[0]
4});

or multiple files as multipart/form-data:

1await axios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post', {
2  'files[]': document.querySelector('#fileInput').files
3});

FileList object can be passed directly:

1await axios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post', document.querySelector('#fileInput').files)

All files will be sent with the same field names: files[].

🆕 HTML Form Posting (browser)

Pass HTML Form element as a payload to submit it as multipart/form-data content.

1await axios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post', document.querySelector('#htmlForm'));

FormData and HTMLForm objects can also be posted as JSON by explicitly setting the Content-Type header to application/json:

1await axios.post('https://httpbin.org/post', document.querySelector('#htmlForm'), {
2  headers: {
3    'Content-Type': 'application/json'
4  }
5})

For example, the Form

1<form id="form">
2  <input type="text" name="foo" value="1">
3  <input type="text" name="deep.prop" value="2">
4  <input type="text" name="deep prop spaced" value="3">
5  <input type="text" name="baz" value="4">
6  <input type="text" name="baz" value="5">
7
8  <select name="user.age">
9    <option value="value1">Value 1</option>
10    <option value="value2" selected>Value 2</option>
11    <option value="value3">Value 3</option>
12  </select>
13
14  <input type="submit" value="Save">
15</form>

will be submitted as the following JSON object:

1{
2  "foo": "1",
3  "deep": {
4    "prop": {
5      "spaced": "3"
6    }
7  },
8  "baz": [
9    "4",
10    "5"
11  ],
12  "user": {
13    "age": "value2"
14  }
15}

Sending Blobs/Files as JSON (base64) is not currently supported.

🆕 Progress capturing

Axios supports both browser and node environments to capture request upload/download progress. The frequency of progress events is forced to be limited to 3 times per second.

1await axios.post(url, data, {
2  onUploadProgress: function (axiosProgressEvent) {
3    /*{
4      loaded: number;
5      total?: number;
6      progress?: number; // in range [0..1]
7      bytes: number; // how many bytes have been transferred since the last trigger (delta)
8      estimated?: number; // estimated time in seconds
9      rate?: number; // upload speed in bytes
10      upload: true; // upload sign
11    }*/
12  },
13
14  onDownloadProgress: function (axiosProgressEvent) {
15    /*{
16      loaded: number;
17      total?: number;
18      progress?: number;
19      bytes: number; 
20      estimated?: number;
21      rate?: number; // download speed in bytes
22      download: true; // download sign
23    }*/
24  }
25});  

You can also track stream upload/download progress in node.js:

1const {data} = await axios.post(SERVER_URL, readableStream, {
2   onUploadProgress: ({progress}) => {
3     console.log((progress * 100).toFixed(2));
4   },
5  
6   headers: {
7    'Content-Length': contentLength
8   },
9
10   maxRedirects: 0 // avoid buffering the entire stream
11});

Note: Capturing FormData upload progress is not currently supported in node.js environments.

⚠️ Warning It is recommended to disable redirects by setting maxRedirects: 0 to upload the stream in the node.js environment, as follow-redirects package will buffer the entire stream in RAM without following the "backpressure" algorithm.

🆕 Rate limiting

Download and upload rate limits can only be set for the http adapter (node.js):

1const {data} = await axios.post(LOCAL_SERVER_URL, myBuffer, {
2  onUploadProgress: ({progress, rate}) => {
3    console.log(`Upload [${(progress*100).toFixed(2)}%]: ${(rate / 1024).toFixed(2)}KB/s`)
4  },
5   
6  maxRate: [100 * 1024], // 100KB/s limit
7});

🆕 AxiosHeaders

Axios has its own AxiosHeaders class to manipulate headers using a Map-like API that guarantees caseless work. Although HTTP is case-insensitive in headers, Axios will retain the case of the original header for stylistic reasons and for a workaround when servers mistakenly consider the header's case. The old approach of directly manipulating headers object is still available, but deprecated and not recommended for future usage.

Working with headers

An AxiosHeaders object instance can contain different types of internal values. that control setting and merging logic. The final headers object with string values is obtained by Axios by calling the toJSON method.

Note: By JSON here we mean an object consisting only of string values intended to be sent over the network.

The header value can be one of the following types:

• string - normal string value that will be sent to the server
• null - skip header when rendering to JSON
• false - skip header when rendering to JSON, additionally indicates that set method must be called with rewrite option set to true to overwrite this value (Axios uses this internally to allow users to opt out of installing certain headers like User-Agent or Content-Type)
• undefined - value is not set

Note: The header value is considered set if it is not equal to undefined.

The headers object is always initialized inside interceptors and transformers:

1  axios.interceptors.request.use((request: InternalAxiosRequestConfig) => {
2      request.headers.set('My-header', 'value');
3
4      request.headers.set({
5        "My-set-header1": "my-set-value1",
6        "My-set-header2": "my-set-value2"
7      });
8      
9      request.headers.set('User-Agent', false); // disable subsequent setting the header by Axios
10
11      request.headers.setContentType('text/plain');
12    
13      request.headers['My-set-header2'] = 'newValue' // direct access is deprecated
14    
15      return request;
16    }
17  );

You can iterate over an AxiosHeaders instance using a for...of statement:

1const headers = new AxiosHeaders({
2  foo: '1',
3  bar: '2',
4  baz: '3'
5});
6
7for(const [header, value] of headers) {
8  console.log(header, value);
9}
10
11// foo 1
12// bar 2
13// baz 3

new AxiosHeaders(headers?)

Constructs a new AxiosHeaders instance.

constructor(headers?: RawAxiosHeaders | AxiosHeaders | string);

If the headers object is a string, it will be parsed as RAW HTTP headers.

1const headers = new AxiosHeaders(`
2Host: www.bing.com
3User-Agent: curl/7.54.0
4Accept: */*`);
5
6console.log(headers);
7
8// Object [AxiosHeaders] {
9//   host: 'www.bing.com',
10//   'user-agent': 'curl/7.54.0',
11//   accept: '*/*'
12// }

AxiosHeaders#set

1set(headerName, value: Axios, rewrite?: boolean);
2set(headerName, value, rewrite?: (this: AxiosHeaders, value: string, name: string, headers: RawAxiosHeaders) => boolean);
3set(headers?: RawAxiosHeaders | AxiosHeaders | string, rewrite?: boolean);

The rewrite argument controls the overwriting behavior:

• false - do not overwrite if header's value is set (is not undefined)
• undefined (default) - overwrite the header unless its value is set to false
• true - rewrite anyway

The option can also accept a user-defined function that determines whether the value should be overwritten or not.

Returns this.

AxiosHeaders#get(header)

  get(headerName: string, matcher?: true | AxiosHeaderMatcher): AxiosHeaderValue;
  get(headerName: string, parser: RegExp): RegExpExecArray | null;

Returns the internal value of the header. It can take an extra argument to parse the header's value with RegExp.exec, matcher function or internal key-value parser.

1const headers = new AxiosHeaders({
2  'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=Asrf456BGe4h'
3});
4
5console.log(headers.get('Content-Type')); 
6// multipart/form-data; boundary=Asrf456BGe4h
7
8console.log(headers.get('Content-Type', true)); // parse key-value pairs from a string separated with \s,;= delimiters:
9// [Object: null prototype] {
10//   'multipart/form-data': undefined,
11//    boundary: 'Asrf456BGe4h'
12// }
13
14
15console.log(headers.get('Content-Type', (value, name, headers) => {
16  return String(value).replace(/a/g, 'ZZZ');
17}));
18// multipZZZrt/form-dZZZtZZZ; boundZZZry=Asrf456BGe4h
19
20console.log(headers.get('Content-Type', /boundary=(\w+)/)?.[0]);
21// boundary=Asrf456BGe4h
22

Returns the value of the header.

AxiosHeaders#has(header, matcher?)

has(header: string, matcher?: AxiosHeaderMatcher): boolean;

Returns true if the header is set (has no undefined value).

AxiosHeaders#delete(header, matcher?)

delete(header: string | string[], matcher?: AxiosHeaderMatcher): boolean;

Returns true if at least one header has been removed.

AxiosHeaders#clear(matcher?)

clear(matcher?: AxiosHeaderMatcher): boolean;

Removes all headers. Unlike the delete method matcher, this optional matcher will be used to match against the header name rather than the value.

1const headers = new AxiosHeaders({
2  'foo': '1',
3  'x-foo': '2',
4  'x-bar': '3',
5});
6
7console.log(headers.clear(/^x-/)); // true
8
9console.log(headers.toJSON()); // [Object: null prototype] { foo: '1' }

Returns true if at least one header has been cleared.

AxiosHeaders#normalize(format);

If the headers object was changed directly, it can have duplicates with the same name but in different cases. This method normalizes the headers object by combining duplicate keys into one. Axios uses this method internally after calling each interceptor. Set format to true for converting headers name to lowercase and capitalize th