Micro — Asynchronous HTTP microservices

Features

• Easy: Designed for usage with async and await
• Fast: Ultra-high performance (even JSON parsing is opt-in)
• Micro: The whole project is ~260 lines of code
• Agile: Super easy deployment and containerization
• Simple: Oriented for single purpose modules (function)
• Standard: Just HTTP!
• Explicit: No middleware - modules declare all dependencies
• Lightweight: With all dependencies, the package weighs less than a megabyte

Disclaimer: Micro was created for use within containers and is not intended for use in serverless environments. For those using Vercel, this means that there is no requirement to use Micro in your projects as the benefits it provides are not applicable to the platform. Utility features provided by Micro, such as json, are readily available in the form of Serverless Function helpers.

Installation

Important: Micro is only meant to be used in production. In development, you should use micro-dev, which provides you with a tool belt specifically tailored for developing microservices.

To prepare your microservice for running in the production environment, firstly install micro:

1npm install --save micro

Usage

Create an index.js file and export a function that accepts the standard http.IncomingMessage and http.ServerResponse objects:

1module.exports = (req, res) => {
2  res.end('Welcome to Micro');
3};

Micro provides useful helpers but also handles return values – so you can write it even shorter!

1module.exports = () => 'Welcome to Micro';

Next, ensure that the main property inside package.json points to your microservice (which is inside index.js in this example case) and add a start script:

1{
2  "main": "index.js",
3  "scripts": {
4    "start": "micro"
5  }
6}

Once all of that is done, the server can be started like this:

1npm start

And go to this URL: http://localhost:3000 - 🎉

Command line

  micro - Asynchronous HTTP microservices

  USAGE

      $ micro --help
      $ micro --version
      $ micro [-l listen_uri [-l ...]] [entry_point.js]

      By default micro will listen on 0.0.0.0:3000 and will look first
      for the "main" property in package.json and subsequently for index.js
      as the default entry_point.

      Specifying a single --listen argument will overwrite the default, not supplement it.

  OPTIONS

      --help                              shows this help message

      -v, --version                       displays the current version of micro

      -l, --listen listen_uri             specify a URI endpoint on which to listen (see below) -
                                          more than one may be specified to listen in multiple places

  ENDPOINTS

      Listen endpoints (specified by the --listen or -l options above) instruct micro
      to listen on one or more interfaces/ports, UNIX domain sockets, or Windows named pipes.

      For TCP (traditional host/port) endpoints:

          $ micro -l tcp://hostname:1234

      For UNIX domain socket endpoints:

          $ micro -l unix:/path/to/socket.sock

      For Windows named pipe endpoints:

          $ micro -l pipe:\\.\pipe\PipeName

async & await

Examples

• Fetch external api

Micro is built for usage with async/await.

1const sleep = require('then-sleep');
2
3module.exports = async (req, res) => {
4  await sleep(500);
5  return 'Ready!';
6};

Port Based on Environment Variable

When you want to set the port using an environment variable you can use:

micro -l tcp://0.0.0.0:$PORT

Optionally you can add a default if it suits your use case:

micro -l tcp://0.0.0.0:${PORT-3000}

${PORT-3000} will allow a fallback to port 3000 when $PORT is not defined.

Note that this only works in Bash.

Body parsing

Examples

• Parse JSON
• Parse urlencoded form (html `form` tag)

For parsing the incoming request body we included an async functions buffer, text and json

1const { buffer, text, json } = require('micro');
2
3module.exports = async (req, res) => {
4  const buf = await buffer(req);
5  console.log(buf);
6  // <Buffer 7b 22 70 72 69 63 65 22 3a 20 39 2e 39 39 7d>
7  const txt = await text(req);
8  console.log(txt);
9  // '{"price": 9.99}'
10  const js = await json(req);
11  console.log(js.price);
12  // 9.99
13  return '';
14};

API

buffer(req, { limit = '1mb', encoding = 'utf8' })

text(req, { limit = '1mb', encoding = 'utf8' })

json(req, { limit = '1mb', encoding = 'utf8' })

• Buffers and parses the incoming body and returns it.
• Exposes an async function that can be run with await.
• Can be called multiple times, as it caches the raw request body the first time.
• limit is how much data is aggregated before parsing at max. Otherwise, an Error is thrown with statusCode set to 413 (see Error Handling). It can be a Number of bytes or a string like '1mb'.
• If JSON parsing fails, an Error is thrown with statusCode set to 400 (see Error Handling)

For other types of data check the examples

Sending a different status code

So far we have used return to send data to the client. return 'Hello World' is the equivalent of send(res, 200, 'Hello World').

1const { send } = require('micro');
2
3module.exports = async (req, res) => {
4  const statusCode = 400;
5  const data = { error: 'Custom error message' };
6
7  send(res, statusCode, data);
8};

send(res, statusCode, data = null)

• Use require('micro').send.
• statusCode is a Number with the HTTP status code, and must always be supplied.
• If data is supplied it is sent in the response. Different input types are processed appropriately, and Content-Type and Content-Length are automatically set.
  • Stream: data is piped as an octet-stream. Note: it is your responsibility to handle the error event in this case (usually, simply logging the error and aborting the response is enough).
  • Buffer: data is written as an octet-stream.
  • object: data is serialized as JSON.
  • string: data is written as-is.
• If JSON serialization fails (for example, if a cyclical reference is found), a 400 error is thrown. See Error Handling.

Programmatic use

You can use Micro programmatically by requiring Micro directly:

1const http = require('http');
2const sleep = require('then-sleep');
3const { serve } = require('micro');
4
5const server = new http.Server(
6  serve(async (req, res) => {
7    await sleep(500);
8    return 'Hello world';
9  }),
10);
11
12server.listen(3000);

serve(fn)

• Use require('micro').serve.
• Returns a function with the (req, res) => void signature. That uses the provided function as the request handler.
• The supplied function is run with await. So it can be async

sendError(req, res, error)

• Use require('micro').sendError.
• Used as the default handler for errors thrown.
• Automatically sets the status code of the response based on error.statusCode.
• Sends the error.message as the body.
• Stacks are printed out with console.error and during development (when NODE_ENV is set to 'development') also sent in responses.
• Usually, you don't need to invoke this method yourself, as you can use the built-in error handling flow with throw.

createError(code, msg, orig)

• Use require('micro').createError.
• Creates an error object with a statusCode.
• Useful for easily throwing errors with HTTP status codes, which are interpreted by the built-in error handling.
• orig sets error.originalError which identifies the original error (if any).

Error Handling

Micro allows you to write robust microservices. This is accomplished primarily by bringing sanity back to error handling and avoiding callback soup.

If an error is thrown and not caught by you, the response will automatically be 500. Important: Error stacks will be printed as console.error and during development mode (if the env variable NODE_ENV is 'development'), they will also be included in the responses.

If the Error object that's thrown contains a statusCode property, that's used as the HTTP code to be sent. Let's say you want to write a rate limiting module:

1const rateLimit = require('my-rate-limit');
2
3module.exports = async (req, res) => {
4  await rateLimit(req);
5  // ... your code
6};

If the API endpoint is abused, it can throw an error with createError like so:

1if (tooMany) {
2  throw createError(429, 'Rate limit exceeded');
3}

Alternatively you can create the Error object yourself

1if (tooMany) {
2  const err = new Error('Rate limit exceeded');
3  err.statusCode = 429;
4  throw err;
5}

The nice thing about this model is that the statusCode is merely a suggestion. The user can override it:

1try {
2  await rateLimit(req);
3} catch (err) {
4  if (429 == err.statusCode) {
5    // perhaps send 500 instead?
6    send(res, 500);
7  }
8}

If the error is based on another error that Micro caught, like a JSON.parse exception, then originalError will point to it. If a generic error is caught, the status will be set to 500.

In order to set up your own error handling mechanism, you can use composition in your handler:

1const { send } = require('micro');
2
3const handleErrors = (fn) => async (req, res) => {
4  try {
5    return await fn(req, res);
6  } catch (err) {
7    console.log(err.stack);
8    send(res, 500, 'My custom error!');
9  }
10};
11
12module.exports = handleErrors(async (req, res) => {
13  throw new Error('What happened here?');
14});

Testing

Micro makes tests compact and a pleasure to read and write. We recommend Node TAP or AVA, a highly parallel test framework with built-in support for async tests:

1const http = require('http');
2const { send, serve } = require('micro');
3const test = require('ava');
4const listen = require('test-listen');
5const fetch = require('node-fetch');
6
7test('my endpoint', async (t) => {
8  const service = new http.Server(
9    serve(async (req, res) => {
10      send(res, 200, {
11        test: 'woot',
12      });
13    }),
14  );
15
16  const url = await listen(service);
17  const response = await fetch(url);
18  const body = await response.json();
19
20  t.deepEqual(body.test, 'woot');
21  service.close();
22});

Look at test-listen for a function that returns a URL with an ephemeral port every time it's called.

Contributing

1. Fork this repository to your own GitHub account and then clone it to your local device
2. Link the package to the global module directory: npm link
3. Within the module you want to test your local development instance of Micro, just link it to the dependencies: npm link micro. Instead of the default one from npm, node will now use your clone of Micro!

You can run the tests using: npm test.

Credits

Thanks to Tom Yandell and Richard Hodgson for donating the name "micro" on npm!

Authors

• Guillermo Rauch (@rauchg) - Vercel
• Leo Lamprecht (@leo) - Vercel
• Tim Neutkens (@timneutkens) - Vercel